Glossary

This table provides cross references for all the key topics, The references include related terms (the “see also” column), alternative translations (the “see” column), and the corresponding words in Sanskrit, Pali and Tibetan where available.

Some terms may not return any results, either because they do not appear in any of the transcripts published so far or because we haven’t yet built the links.

A	SANSKRIT	PALI	TIBETAN	RELATED TERMS	ALTERNATE TRANSLATIONS

anger	krodha; dvesha	kodha; dosa	zhe sdang		hatred
apparently true	samvritisatya	sammuti-sacca	kun rdzob bden pa	ultimately true	relative truth; conventional truth
attention	manasikara	manasikara	yid la byed pa	mindfulness, stability, resting	mindfulness; awareness; samadhi; shamatha; jhana
attraction	raga	raga	dod chags	aversion, indifference	attachment; greed
aversion	dvesha	dosa	zhe sdang	anger, attachment, indifference	hatred
awakening being code	bodhisattva-shiksha		byang chub sems kyi bslab bya	individual freedom code, direct awareness code, three codes
awakening mind	bodhicitta		byang chub sems		bodhicitta; enlightenment mind
awareness	samprajanya	sampajanna	shes bzhin	mindfulness, stability, resting	mindfulness; awareness; samadhi; shamatha; jhana
B	SANSKRIT	PALI	TIBETAN	RELATED TERMS	ALTERNATE TRANSLATIONS

balance	samata	samata	mnyam nyid		sameness
basis of all experience	alaya-vijnana		kun bzhi rnam shes		storehouse consciousness
belief			yid ces	faith
bodhisattva	bodhisattva	bodhisatta	byang chub sems dpa’		awakening being
buddha nature	tathagata-garbha		bde bzhin gshegs pa’i snying po		original enlightenment
C	SANSKRIT	PALI	TIBETAN	RELATED TERMS	ALTERNATE TRANSLATIONS

clarity			gsal ba		clear; clear light
codes, three			sdom gsum	individual freedom code, awakening being code, direct awareness code, moral discipline, vow	ethical codes
compassion	karuna	karuna	snying rje	serving what is true
conditions for practice, eight	ashta-kshana		dal ba brgyad	ten factors for practice	freedoms, eight
conflict, four stages of			phrin las bzhi		four enlightened activities; four wrathful activities
cosmology			‘jig rten gnas tshul	ideology, modern, mythical
cutting			gcod		Severance
D	SANSKRIT	PALI	TIBETAN	RELATED TERMS	ALTERNATE TRANSLATIONS

dakini	dakini		mkha’ mgro
death	marana	marana	chi ba	impermanence
deity			yi dam	guru, deity, protector	yidam; tutelary deity; meditation deity
demonic obsession	Mara	Mara	bdud	cutting
devotion	adara; bhakti	bhatti	gus pa	energy
dharmakaya	dharmakaya		chos kyi sku	sambhogakaya, nirmanakaya, kayas three	Dharma body
direct awareness	vidya		rig pa	mahamudra, dzogchen
direct awareness code			rig ‘dzin sdom	individual freedom code, awakening being code, direct awareness code
distraction	vikshepa	vikkhepa	g.yeng ba
distractions, four				four immeasurables
dzogchen	maha-ati		rdzogs chen	mahamudra, direct awareness	Great Perfection
E	SANSKRIT	PALI	TIBETAN	RELATED TERMS	ALTERNATE TRANSLATIONS

ecstasy	sukha	sukha	bde ba		ecstatic opening
eight conditions for practice	ashta-kshana		dal ba brgyad	ten factors for practice	freedoms, eight
eight worldly dharmas	ashta-laukika-dharma	attha-loka-dhamma	‘jig-rten-pa’i chos-brgyad	conventional success	eight conventional concerns
elements, five	mahabhuta	mahabhuta	byung ba
emotional reactions	klesha	kilesa	nyon rmongs		afflictions; defilements; reactive emotions
emptiness	shunyata	sunnyata	gtong nyid		shunyata
empty, clear, unrestricted			stong gsal ma gags	clarity	unimpeded
ends, four			mtha’ bzhi	impermanence
energy	adhisthana		byin brlobs	devotion	blessings
energy transformation	prana	pana	rlung		subtle energy
equanimity	upeksha	upekkha	btang snyoms
evolution	vipaka-phala	vipaka-phala	las rgyu ‘bras	karma
experience, actual and shared					world of experience, actual and shared
extremes, two	dve anta	dve anta	mtha’ gnyis	Middle Way
F	SANSKRIT	PALI	TIBETAN	RELATED TERMS	ALTERNATE TRANSLATIONS

factors for practice, ten	dasha-sampad		‘byor ba bcu	eight conditions for practice	favorable conditions, ten
faith	shraddha	saddha	dad pa	belief	confidence; trust
fear	bhaya	bhaya	‘jigs pa
forces, four	catur-bala		thob bzhi		four opponent powers; four R’s
foundations of mindfulness, four	smrty-upasthana	satipatthana	dran pa nye bar gzhag pa bzhi		applications of mindfulness, four
four distractions				four immeasurables
four forces	catur-bala		thob bzhi		four opponent powers; four R’s
four immeasurables	brahma-viharas	brahma-viharas	tshad med pa bzhi	four distractions	divine abidings, four; higher emotions, four
four stages of conflict			phrin las bzhi		four enlightened activities; four wrathful activities
four ways of working				ecstasy, insight, compassion, power
G	SANSKRIT	PALI	TIBETAN	RELATED TERMS	ALTERNATE TRANSLATIONS

gates of freedom, three	tri-vimoksha-mukha		thar pa’i sgo gsum		marks of existence, three
generosity	dana	dana	sbyin pa		dana
genesis	hetu	hetu	rgyu	karma	cause
goodness	punya	punna	bsod nams		merit; good karma
I	SANSKRIT	PALI	TIBETAN	RELATED TERMS	ALTERNATE TRANSLATIONS

ideology	mithya-drshti	micca-ditthi	log lta
ignorance	avidya	avijjha	ma rig pa		delusion
immeasurables, four	brahma-viharas	brahma-viharas	tshad med pa bzhi	four distractions	divine abidings, four; higher emotions, four
impermanence	anitya	anicca	mi rtag pa	three marks of existence, death
indifference	moha	moha	gti mug	attraction, aversion	stupidity; instinct
individual freedom code	pratimoksha	patimokkha	so so thar pa	individual freedom code, awakening being code, direct awareness code	Vows of Individual Liberation; monastic code
insight	vipashyana	vipassana	lhag mthong		vipashyana; looking
intention	chanda	chanda	‘dun pa	will, attention	motivation
J	SANSKRIT	PALI	TIBETAN	RELATED TERMS	ALTERNATE TRANSLATIONS

jewels, three	triratna	ti-ratana	dkon mchog gsum		Three Treasures
joy	pramudita	pamudita	rab tu dga’ ba	compassion, loving-kindness, equanimity	sympathetic joy
K	SANSKRIT	PALI	TIBETAN	RELATED TERMS	ALTERNATE TRANSLATIONS

karma	karma	kamma	las	genesis, evolution	action
kayas, three	kaya		sku	dharmakaya, sambhogakaya, nirmanakaya	Three Bodies
knowing	jnana	nana	rig pa; shes pa	understanding, pristine awareness	gnosis; wisdom
L	SANSKRIT	PALI	TIBETAN	RELATED TERMS	ALTERNATE TRANSLATIONS

lineage			rgyud
loving-kindness	maitri	metta	byams pa		metta
M	SANSKRIT	PALI	TIBETAN	RELATED TERMS	ALTERNATE TRANSLATIONS

mahamudra	mahamudra		phyag rgya chen po	dzogchen, direct awareness	Great Seal; resting in presence
Mahayana	Mahayana		theg pa chen po		Great Way; Great Vehicle
marks of existence, three	trilaksana	tilakkhana	mtshan nyid gsum	impermanence, non-self, suffering, struggle, three gates of freedom
Middle Way	madhyamaka; madhyama pratipad		dbu ma		Centrism; Middle Way School
mind nature			sems kyi rang bzhin; sems nyid		nature of mind; original mind
mind training			blo sbyong
mindfulness	smrti	sati	dran pa	awareness, attention, four foundations of mindfulness
mindfulness, four foundations of	smrty-upasthana	satipatthana	dran pa nye bar gzhag pa bzhi	primary practice
moral discipline	shila	sila	tshul khrims	three codes	moral ethics; ethics; morality
mystery	guhya		gsang ba		secret
mythic language				cosmology
N	SANSKRIT	PALI	TIBETAN	RELATED TERMS	ALTERNATE TRANSLATIONS

nirmanakaya	nirmanakaya		sprul sku	dharmakaya, sambhogakaya, three kayas	emanation body; magically produced body
non-self	anatman	anatta	bdag med	sense of self, identity	no-self
P	SANSKRIT	PALI	TIBETAN	RELATED TERMS	ALTERNATE TRANSLATIONS

peace	shanti	santi	zhi ba
perfection of wisdom	prajnaparamita		shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa
perfections, six	paramita	parami	pha rol tu phyin pa drug	moral discipline, working hard
poisons, three			dug gsum	attachment, aversion, ignorance
power			dbang	four ways of working, ecstasy, insight, compassion
presence			da lta nyid
primary practice				four foundations of mindfulness
pristine awareness	jnana	nana	ye shes	knowing	wisdom, gnosis
probing presence
protector	pala		skyob pa	guru, deity, protector
purification	dhauta vishodhana	visodhana	sbyang pa
purpose, method, effects, result
R	SANSKRIT	PALI	TIBETAN	RELATED TERMS	ALTERNATE TRANSLATIONS

reactive patterns	samskara, upadana, and vasana	sankhara, upadana, vasana	bag chags; ‘du byed; rnam rtog		patterns; habituated patterns; conditioning; attachment; underlying tendencies
realms, six			yul drug
reflective meditations	chinta		bsam		contemplation; reflection; analytical meditation
refuge	sharana	sarana	skyob pa
remorse	kaukrtya		gyod pa		regret
resting	shamatha	samatha	zhi gnas		stabilization; resting meditation; calming meditation; calm abiding
S	SANSKRIT	PALI	TIBETAN	RELATED TERMS	ALTERNATE TRANSLATIONS

sambhogakaya	sambhogakaya		longs sku	dharmakaya, nirmanakaya, three kayas	enjoyment body
samsara	samsara	samsara	khor ba		cyclic existence
self, sense of	atman	atta	bdag	non-self, identity
serving what is true				compassion
six perfections	paramita	parami	pha rol tu phyin pa drug	moral discipline, working hard
six realms			yul drug
skandha	skandha	khandha	phung po		groups; heaps; aggregates
spiritual teacher	guru	garu, guru	bla ma	spiritual friend, kalyanamitra	guru, lama, teacher
stability	shamatha	samatha	zhi gnas	resting
struggle	duhkha	dukkha	sdug bsngal	suffering
study, reflection, practice	sruta-cinta-bhavana	suta-cinta-bhavana	thos bsam sgom		study, listen, reflect, practice, meditate
success, conventional	ashta-loka-dharma	attha-loka-dhamma	‘jig rten pa’i chos brgyad	eight worldly dharmas
suffering	duhkha	dukkha	sdug bsngal	struggle	unsatisfactoriness; pervasive unsatisfactoriness; pain
T	SANSKRIT	PALI	TIBETAN	RELATED TERMS	ALTERNATE TRANSLATIONS

taking and sending			gtong len
teacher student relationship
ten factors for practice	dasha-sampad		‘byor ba bcu	eight conditions for practice	favorable conditions, ten
Theravada	Sthaviravada	Theravada	theg chung
three codes			sdom gsum	individual freedom code, awakening being code, direct awareness code, moral discipline, vow	ethical codes
three gates of freedom	tri-vimoksha-mukha		thar pa’i sgo gsum		marks of existence, three
three jewels	triratna	ti-ratana	dkon mchog gsum		Three Treasures
three kayas	kaya		sku	dharmakaya, sambhogakaya, nirmanakaya	Three Bodies
three marks of existence	trilaksana	tilakkhana	mtshan nyid gsum	impermanence, non-self, suffering, struggle, three gates of freedom
three poisons			dug gsum	attachment, aversion, ignorance
transmission			dbang		does empowerment belong here?
two extremes	dve anta	dve anta	mtha’ gnyis	Middle Way
U	SANSKRIT	PALI	TIBETAN	RELATED TERMS	ALTERNATE TRANSLATIONS

ultimately true	paramarthasatya	paramattha-sacca	don dam bden pa	apparently true	ultimate truth
understanding	prajna	panna	shes rab	knowing, pristine awareness	wisdom; discernment; intelligence
unrestricted			ma ‘gags pa	empty, clear	unimpeded, unobstructed
V	SANSKRIT	PALI	TIBETAN	RELATED TERMS	ALTERNATE TRANSLATIONS

Vajrayana	vajrayana		rdor rje’i theg pa		Diamond Way; Vajra vehicle; secret mantra vehicle
vow	samvara		sdom pa		commitment
W	SANSKRIT	PALI	TIBETAN	RELATED TERMS	ALTERNATE TRANSLATIONS

will			‘jug pa’i sems	intention
working hard	virya	viriya	brtson ‘grus	six perfections	effort; diligence; enthusiasm; perseverance
working, four ways of				ecstasy, insight, compassion, power
worldly dharmas, eight	ashta-laukika-dharma	attha-loka-dhamma	‘jig-rten-pa’i chos-brgyad	conventional success	eight conventional concerns